New Challenges and Paths for China as a Large Developing Country： From the Perspective of Economic Development with a Focus on GNI Per Capita
ZHENG Jiang-huai1,2, CHEN Xi2, LAI Lin-lin2
1.Yangtze River Delta Economic and Social Development Research Center, Nanjing University， Nanjing Jiangsu 210093， China 2.School of Economics, Nanjing University， Nanjing Jiangsu 210093， China
Abstract：A review of various benchmarks for determining the status of a developing country reveals that assessing whether a nation is in the category of developing countries requires a further consideration of the country's relative capacity to obtain factor returns compared to others. Specifically， it involves examining whether the ratio of the country's Gross National Income （GNI） per capita to Gross Domestic Product （GDP） per capita has long been below 1， which is characteristic of a developing economy. China is still a developing country in terms of the ratio of GNI per capita to GDP per capita. With the changes in the international environment and the domestic economy entering a new phase， China's economic development now faces new challenges. These challenges include structural problems such as the external dependence of the economic growth model， the relatively limited contribution of mid-to-high-end industries to the global value chain， noticeable shortcomings in the high-tech innovation field， and the constraints of the international economic environment. These problems have led to a relatively low level of China's ability to earn factor returns， indicating that China still remains in the status of a developing country. To achieve a higher-level of economic development， China needs to further boost the international competitiveness of scientific and technological innovation， reinforce the core competitiveness of industries， promote trade diversification and international cooperation， deeply integrate into the global industrial and supply chains， and enhance trade competitiveness.
郑江淮, 陈熙, 赖琳琳. 中国作为发展中大国的新挑战与新路径[J]. 北京交通大学学报(社会科学版), 2025, 24(1): 38-43.
ZHENG Jiang-huai, CHEN Xi, LAI Lin-lin. New Challenges and Paths for China as a Large Developing Country： From the Perspective of Economic Development with a Focus on GNI Per Capita. journal6, 2025, 24(1): 38-43.
1 人均GDP超1000美元 我国综合国力跻身世界前列［EB/OL］. （2005-10-11）［2024-12-05］. 中国政府网 https：//www.gov.cn/ztzl/2005-10/11/content_75980.htm 2 习近平：中国将采取务实举措，继续支持联合国2030年可持续发展议程［EB/OL］. （2022-06-24）［2024-12-05］. 中国政府网https：//www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-06/24/content_5697594.htm 3 刘伟，蔡志洲.如何看待中国仍然是一个发展中国家？［J］.管理世界，2018，34（9）：1-15. 4 HEGDE V， WOUTERS J. Special and Differential Treatment Under the World Trade Organization： A Legal Typology ［J］. Journal of International Economic Law， 2021. 5 江小涓.中国的外资经济对增长、结构升级和竞争力的贡献［J］.中国社会科学，2002，（6）：4-14+204. 6 李宏，牛志伟，邹昭晞.双循环新发展格局与中国制造业增长效率——基于全球价值链的分析［J］.财经问题研究，2021，（3）：38-48. 7 谢伟.中国企业技术创新的分布和竞争策略——中国激光视盘播放机产业的案例研究［J］.管理世界，2006，（2）：50-62+171. 8 AGHION P， HOWITT P. A model of growth through creative destruction［J］. Econometrica，1992，60（2）：323-351. 9 余振，李锦坡，蒋盛君.高端人才空间集聚与后发国家创新发展——来自中国个体专利数据的证据［J］.经济研究，2024，59（8）：151-168. 10 魏巍贤，张军令.人民币汇率变动、跨境资本流动与资本管制——基于多国一般均衡模型的分析［J］.国际金融研究，2018，（10）：76-86. 11 加拿大政府更新外国国有企业对加关键矿产领域投资政策［EB/OL］. （2023-03-22）［2024-12-05］. 中华人民共和国商务部http：//ca.mofcom.gov.cn/djtz/tzzysx/art/2023/art_af90b81f824345d78fbdee5d389e2813.html 12 史九领，洪永淼，刘颖.美国《2022年芯片与科学法案》对我国相关产业的影响与对策［J］.中国科学院院刊，2024，39（2）：379-387. 13 LERNER J， LIU J， MOSCONA J， et al. Appropriate Entrepreneurship？ The Rise of China and the Developing World［J］. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 32193， 2024.
2025, Vol. 24 
